This book examines the increasing visibility of literary activities as a part of other cultural activities between 1960 and 1980. During these two decades, literary activities, literary production, and the literary world in general played an increasingly influential role in large parts of Turkish society. This may be also seen as a shaping, a reconstruction, or an expansion of a more effective literary world, literary public, and literary market containing many different trends and currents. This work also assesses the intricate relations between literary culture and politics. To put it in other words, the hypothesis is that a better understanding of the intellectual and political atmosphere of Turkey in the 1960s and in the early 1970s can be achieved through an examination of cultural--and, in our case, literary--life, and the way that the various literary currents reflected, sustained and gave voice to the prevalent intellectual and political tendencies of the period. It will be emphasized that the political identity that was adopted by the literary actors was one by and large critical of the existing political and social system. In this work the intellectual climate is thus examined via literature. It will be argued that, along with academics and journalists, the men of letters, or "literary actors," played through their roles as public intellectuals, an important part in the Turkish social life between 1960 and 1980.
Introduction
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
Preface
Chapter One - Introduction
The Main Theories of Literature and the Identification of Writers and Artists as Intellectuals
Literature As an Insitution and Its Role in Human Communication
The Historical Evolution of Modern Literature
Different Literary Theories to Identify Literature's Role and Functions
History, the Historian and Literature
The Sociology of Literature
Marxism and Literature
What Are the Distinctive Measures of Artists and Writers?
Who is an Intellectual?
The Formation of the Intellectual
Two Types of Intellectual
Intellectuals, Artists, and Politics: Their Role in the Public Sphere
The Formation of a Public Sphere in Turkey
New Public Life and Artists
The End of the "Era of the Intellectuals"
Chapter Two - The International Context
Leftist Politics and the University Students' Movement of 1968
Counter-Culture Movements
The International Mobility of Authors and Cold War Competition
The Ideological Framework and its Social Dimensions
Nationalism or the Solidarity of the Oppressed Nations
The Foundation of the Leftist Politics and Ideas in Turkey
Yön (Direction) Magazine and the Association of Socialist Culture
The Turkish Labor Party (Türkiye İşçi Partisi)
The RPP's Left of Center Discourse
The Significance of 1968 in Turkey
The Development of a Societal Culture in Turkey
Education and Its Transformation: Students as Future Intellectuals - Literature as a Relevant Path to New Identities
Popular Culture, New Life-Styles, and Artistic Production
Artistic Fields: Theater, Cinema, Visual Arts, and Music
Theater
The Visual Arts and Music Production
The Transformation and Reconstruction of the Turkish Language during the 1960s and 1970s
Chapter Four - Literary Production and Its Impulses Before and During The 1960s and 1970s
The Intellectual and Literary History in Turkey before the 1960s: The Significance of Literature in the Formation of Intellectual Culture The Increasing Visibility of Literature in the 1960s and 1970s
The Development of Cultural Associations and Publishing Houses, and the Increasing Quantity of Literary Works
Literature and the Social Sciences
Literature and Public Intellectuals
Literary Production During the 1960s and 1970s: Poems; Novels & Short Stories, Essays & Literary Critiques
Poetry
The Novel and the Short Story
Translations of Foreign Literature
Critiques and Essays
The Development of Literary Reviews
Chapter Five - Literature and Politics
The Complex Relationship between Authors, Social Circumstances, and Politics in the Period 1960-1980
The Evolution of Relations between Artists and Politics
The Main Literary Trends and Circles of the 1960s and 1970s
Leftist Kemalists Writers, Traditional Intelectuals, and Followers of the First Founding Generation of Intellectuals
Marxist-Affiliated Intellectuals, Social Realists
Sui Generis (Unique) Intellectuals: Kemal Tahir, Attilâ İlhan, Oğuz Atay
Oğuz Atay
Attilâ İlhan
Kemal Tahir
The Class Origins of these Unique Authors
Modernist and Avant-Garde Intellectuals
The Modernist Novel and the Short Story Sevgi Soysal, Adalet Ağaoğlu, Tomris Uyar: Feminist-Modernist Sensibility
The Short Story Writers of 1950
Modernist Poetry- İkinci Yeni, or The "Second New"
A Conceptualization of Intellectual, Literary and Theoretical Debates in the Literary Reviews, and an Analysis of Some Novels
The Main Topics and Tensions within the Literary Production The Elitism-Populism Debate as an Attempt to Change or Respect the People's Culture Through Its Different Representations
The Reactions of the Four Main Categories of Writers
The Limits of High Culture
Dualities in the Evolution of the Turkish Literature
The Duality of East and West, and Universalism and Nativism in the Context of the 1960s
The Problems of Underdevelopment in a Modern Country
Social Realism and Individualism
Different Social Classes, Inequalities and Their Representations
Urban Classes
The Peasantry
Historical Debates, and Challenges to the Official History of Turkey
The Relation of Artists with Social and Political Movements: Oppressions and Melancholy
