Greek associational activities in the Ottoman Empire have been seen as agents of the spread of Greek identity among the Greek-Orthodox populations of the Empire. This is no doubt, true. But for the Ottoman bureaucrats, their relationship to these activities signified something more than a confrontation with the spread of a national identity. Throughout the years, Ottoman officials tried to manipulate and direct these activities in a way to support Ottoman legitimacy. In this study, Ottoman documents concerning Greek associations are presented in a way to link them with general developments among the Greek-speaking populations of the empire and with the perception of the Ottoman bureaucracy concerning an Ottoman identity. By focusing on the Ottoman bureaucrats' perceptions and plans in these two fields, this study plans to contribute to the challenging of the standard historiography concerning Greek associations, which deals with the issue in seclusion without paying attention to Ottoman governments' plans and desires.
Introduction
Acknowledgements
Note on The Transliteration
Preface
Chapter I - Introduction
The Tanzimat
The Millet System
Education
Philanthropy
Chapter II - The Development Of The Legal Environment
The Ottoman State and Collective Activity
Ottoman Bureaucrats and Greek Words
The Many Uses of the Word Cemiyet
Islamic Law and Associations
Monitoring the Associations
The Development of Ottoman Regulations Concerning Associations
The 1860s
The 1870s
The Hamidian Era
After the Young Turk Revolution: The 1909 Law of Associations
Conclusion
Chapter III - Areas Of Activity: Education and Philanthropy
Education
Education, Associations and Ottoman Identity after the Young Turk Revolution
Philanthropy
Ottoman Bureaucracy and Greek Philanthropic Activity Before the Young Turk Revolution
Philanthropy after the Young Turk Revolution
Conclusion
Chapter IV - Ways to Legality: Patriarchal Links and Secular Possibilities
The Place of the Patriarchate in official correspondence on Greek Associations
Secular Possibilities for Greek Associations within the Ottoman Legal System
Ottoman Legality and the Meanings of Rum when Used for an Association in the Ottoman Empire
Uses of the Term Rum for Associations Outside of the Empire
